I te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau whakaputa hāora, kua whanake te hāora hauora mai i te hāora ahumahi tuatahi ki te hāora wai, kātahi ki te whakaputa hāora pēhanga-whakaurunga (PSA) o nāianei. Kua whanake hoki te tikanga tuku hāora mai i te tuku hāora tika mai i te pounamu kotahi ki te pūnaha tuku hāora pokapū. I nāianei, ko ngā pūnaha tuku hāora pokapū, ngā pūnaha momi pokapū, me ngā pūnaha hau kōpeke kua noho hei pūnaha tuku hau hauora matua e toru i roto i ngā whare hauora hōhipera hou.
He matū nui te hāora mō ngā mahi pākia o te tangata, ā, ko te mea nui hoki tēnei mō te nekehanga o te ora o te tangata. Ka taea e te tāpiringa hāora te whakapai ake i te taiao ā-tinana me te matū koiora o roto o te tinana tangata, me te whakatairanga i te huringa pai o ngā tukanga pākia, ā, mā reira ka tutuki ai te whāinga o te rongoā i ngā mate, te whakaiti i ngā tohu, te whakatairanga i te whakaoranga, te ārai i ngā whara, me te whakapai ake i te hauora.
Nō reira, he mea nui te hāora i roto i te ao hauora, inā koa i roto i te awhina tuatahi o ngā tūroro tino mate me te hunga i whara i te aituā, ā, kua noho te whakarato hāora hei tētahi o ngā āhuatanga e tika ana mō ngā whare hauora.
Te hītori whanaketanga o te pūnaha tuku hāora hōhipera
Tuku hāora tika mō te pounamu kotahi
Ko te tuku hāora tika mai i te pounamu kotahi te huarahi tuku iho mō te tuku hāora i ngā hōhipera, ā, kua whakamahia tonutia tēnei tikanga hei tuku hāora ā-umanga. Nā te mea he maha ngā hau kino kei roto i te hāora ā-umanga, ā, ka waikura te pakitara o roto o te rango, ka puta he haunga whakarihariha i te hāora. Ina whakamahia ki te rongoā, ka maremare ngā tūroro, ka kino ake hoki ngā tohu manawa.
Nō reira, hei whakarite i te hauora o te iwi, kua whakahoutia e Haina ngā paerewa mō te hāora hauora.
Te tuku hāora pokapū
Ko te tuku hāora, e mōhiotia ana ko te tuku hāora pokapū, he tikanga tuku hāora hou e whakamahia whānuitia ana i te ao. I whakawhanakehia e Haina te pūnaha tuku hāora pokapū tuatahi i te tau 1983, ā, kua whānuitia te whakatairanga me te whakamahi i roto i ngā tāone nui me ngā tāone rahi. I tēnei wā, kua whakamahia e ngā hōhipera katoa o tētahi tauine ngā pūnaha tuku hāora pokapū. Heoi anō, ko te pūnaha tuku hau hauora e titoa ana e te pūnaha tuku hāora pokapū, te pūnaha momi pokapū me te pūnaha hau kōpeke kua waiho hei kaupapa me hanga mō te hanganga me te whakahoutanga o ngā whare wāhanga i roto i ngā hōhipera, ā, he kaupapa e tika ana kia whakapai ake ngā hōhipera.
Ka taea e te hangarau tuku hāora pokapū te whakapai ake i te taumata hauora o ngā hōhipera, ka taea ai e ngā tūroro te whiwhi whakaoranga, te maimoatanga rānei i te wā tika, ā, ka ora ai te tini o ngā oranga. I taua wā anō, nā te mea he tino kukū ngā taputapu mō te hangarau tuku hāora pokapū, he pai mō te whakahaere hou o ngā hōhipera.
Ina koa, ka whakaatuhia ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
- He iti ake te pēhanga o te paipa tuku hāora pokapū, ā, he maha ngā taputapu haumaru kei roto, kia haumaru ake ai, kia pono ake ai hoki.
- Kāore e hiahiatia kia haria ngā rango hāora ki te wāhanga hauora mō te tuku hāora pokapū, kia māmā ake ai te rokiroki me te kawe.
- He kaha te kaha o te pūnaha tuku hāora pokapū, he kaha nui, he pēhanga pumau, ā, ka taea te whakarato i te tuku hāora tonu me te rere nui.
- Ko te pūnga manawa hāora mō te tuku hāora pokapū kua tāuta tika ki roto i te rūma pokanga, te rūma ohorere me ngā wāhanga o ia wāhanga, kia māmā ai, kia ngāwari ai, kia haumaru ai, kia pono ai hoki te manawa hāora.
- Ka taea e te tuku hāora pokapū te whakapai ake i te whakamahinga hāora, te whakaiti i te maha o ngā kaimahi whakahaere hāora, ā, nā reira ka whakapai ake i ngā painga ōhanga.
Ko te pūnaha tuku hāora matua o te hōhipera he pūtake hāora, he paipa hāora, he takirere me ngā taputapu me te pito. I tēnei wā, ko te pae pahi, te hāora wai me te pūwero hāora adsorption pressure swing (PSA) e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei pūtake hāora mō te pūnaha tuku hāora i te kāinga me tāwāhi.
Pae Pahi
Ko te pūnaha tuku hāora pahi he mea hanga i ngā huinga e rua o ngā rango hāora pēhanga teitei (kotahi mō te tuku hau, ko tētahi mō te tārua). Kei roto ko tētahi pahi, he huinga taputapu whakahaere aunoa/ā-ringa, he whakaoho oro me te mārama, he taputapu whakaiti me te whakaū pēhanga, he paipa me ngā taputapu tāpiri. Ina tata pau te tuku hāora, ka taea e te pahi te huri aunoa ki te tuku hāora tārua.
Kei te taputapu whakahaere he ine pēhanga, he waeine whakahaere aroturuki, he pūnaha whakaoho me ngā rama tohu hei whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga mahi me te whakamahara i te kaiwhakamahi kia whakakapia te rango hāora kua pau. Mēnā ka rahua te taputapu whakahaere aunoa, ka whakamahia te taputapu whakaiti pēhanga me te whakaū pēhanga tārua hei whakarite i te pumau o te pēhanga tuku hāora.
Hāora wai
Ko te pūnaha pūtake hau e whakamahi ana i te hāora wai hei pūtake hāora, he mea hanga matua ki te tāke hāora wai, he mīhini whakamahana, he taputapu whakaiti pēhanga, me te taputapu whakaoho. Ka tāpirihia te hāora wai mai i te tāke hāora wai o te waka kawe ki te tāke hāora wai o te pūnaha tuku hāora pokapū mā te whakamahi i te rerekētanga pēhanga i waenganui i te roto me te waho o te tāke hāora wai. He paparanga ārai pēhanga teitei te tāke hāora wai hei whakarite i te pāmahana iti e hiahiatia ana o te wai.
Ka piki tere te pāmahana o te hāora wai ina rere mā roto i te mīhini whakapūhau, ka mimiti te hau. Ka whakaitihia te pēhanga o te hāora mimiti pēhanga-tiketike e tētahi taputapu whakaiti pēhanga, kātahi ka tukuna atu i muri i te whakapūmautanga o te pēhanga. E rua ngā tāke hāora wai i roto i tētahi pūnaha, tētahi hei tuku hāora, tētahi hei tārua; ka taea hoki te whakamahi tahi i te tāke hāora wai me te pae pahi, me te tāke hāora wai e tuku ana i te hau, me te pae pahi hei tārua.
Pūnaha tuku hāora PSA hauora
Ko te pūnaha tuku hāora o te pūwero hāora PSA hauora he mea hanga nui mai i te pūwero hau me te whakamaroke, he tātari, he pūwero hāora, he tāke rokiroki hāora, he paipa me ngā taputapu. Mena e hiahiatia ana he whakakī hāora mō ngā rango hāora, ka taea te whakatū i te pūwero hāora me te teihana whakakī hāora. Ka whakamahia e te kaihanga hāora PSA te hangarau whakaputa hāora adsorption adsorption swing hei whiwhi hāora me te parakore o ≥ 90% e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa hāora hauora.
Ko te hangarau whakaputa hāora adsorption swing pēhanga e whakamahi ana i te adsorption whiriwhiri o te hāora me te hauota mā roto i ngā tātari ngota zeolite, ā, ko ngā āhuatanga e piki ake ana te kaha adsorption me te pikinga o te pēhanga adsorption, ā, e heke ana me te hekenga o te pēhanga adsorption. Ka adsorption te hauota i raro i ngā āhuatanga pēhanga hei whakarei ake i te hāora; ka mimiti i te hauota kua adsorption i raro i ngā āhuatanga pēhanga iti, ā, ka whakaora anō i te tātari ngota i te wā kotahi. Mā tēnei huringa tauutuutu ka tutuki te wehenga o te hāora me te hauota me te whakaputanga o te hāora.
Ka taea te whirihora i te whakamahinga o ngā kaihanga hāora PSA hauora hei wae kotahi, hei wae takirua rānei. I roto i te whirihoranga wae kotahi, ka whakamahia he huinga taputapu whakaputa hāora kotahi, ā, ka whakamahia te pae pahi rango hāora hei tārua. I te wā e hiahiatia ana te hāora nui, ka tāpirihia te rango hāora mā te pae pahi, he mea ōhanga, he haumaru hoki, he pono hoki. I roto i te whirihoranga wae takirua, ka whirihorahia ngā huinga taputapu whakaputa hāora e rua, he mea watea mō te waka me te tiaki, ā, he pae pahi hāora tārua hei taurangi, he mea haumaru ake, he mea whai hua ake.
Te whakataurite i te māmā
Ko te tuku hāora o te pae pahi me hoko tonu i ngā rango hāora hauora, he uaua hoki ki te kawe, ki te hapai me te whakahaere, ā, me tiaki tonu ngā rango.
He pai ake te hāora wai i ngā pae pahi, nā te mea he nui te rahinga kawe, he nui te pai o te kawe, he iti ake te wā āwhina, ā, he iti hoki te utu hāora. Ka taea e te tāke rokiroki hāora wai 3.65m3, kua whakakīia ki te hāora wai, ā, kua whakakīia katoatia ki te hau, te whakaputa i te 3000m3 o te hāora, e hiahia ana ki te 500 rango maitai, ā, ko te taumaha o ngā rango maitai anake he tata ki te 30t.
Kotahi, e rua rānei ngā wā e hiahiatia ana kia whakakīia ngā tāke rokiroki hāora wai i te marama, engari he tino teitei ngā whakaritenga whakahaere i te wā e whakakīia ana, ā, me whai tiwhikete ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te mahi, ki te tirotiro i te pēhanga putanga i ia rā, me te tirotiro me te tiaki i ngā taputapu i ia wā. He tino uaua te tukanga whakamahi hāora.
Ka whakatinanahia e te pūkaha hāora PSA hauora te whakaputa hāora i te papaanga, ā, ka whakatūria e ia tana ake teihana whakaputa hāora motuhake. Kāore e hiahiatia he kawe hāora, ā, kāore hoki e herea e te pūtake hāora tuarua. Ka taea te whakahaere aunoa i ngā taputapu me te kore he whakarerekētanga me te whakatikatika auau. He haumaru, he māmā, he watea hoki te whakahaere. Kāore e hiahiatia he taputapu āwhina kē atu, ā, ka taea e te hāora hauora whai tohu te uru tika ki te pūnaha paipa, kia pai ake ai te pūtaiao me te āhua o te whakahaere hōhipera.
Whakataurite haumarutanga
He tino teitei te pēhanga hāora i roto i te rango hāora e whakamahia ana mō te tuku hāora ki te pae pahi, ko te nuinga he 15MPa (150 hauhautanga), ā, ka pā mai pea tēnei āhuatanga mena ka pā mai he wiri kaha, he tukinga rānei. Kāore te kounga me te parakore o te hāora i roto i te rango hāora i raro i te mana whakahaere o te kaiwhakamahi.
Ko te hāora wai te mea nui rawa atu hei āwangawanga mō te haumaru. He nui te hāora wai e rongoatia ana i roto i te tāke rokiroki hāora wai. He tino iti te pāmahana o te hāora wai (-183°C), ā, he kaha te mura o te hāora. Kia turuturu, ka nui rawa ngā hua ka puta. Nō reira, me tirotirohia tonutia te pūnaha hāora wai. Mena ka pahū te kōpae ātete-pahū i runga i te tāke hāora wai, ka peke rānei te takirere putanga ki te putanga, ko te tikanga kua pakaru te korehau o te paparanga o roto o te tāke hāora wai, ā, me whakatika me te whakakore anō.
He mea morearea te whakanoho i ngā tāke hāora wai ki roto i ngā hōhipera kī tonu i te tangata. He ngāwari te turuturu o te hāora wai i te wā e kawe ana, e tākai ana hoki, ā, ahakoa he iti noa te hinu, ka taea te tahu ahi, ka tū hei mōrearea haumaru.
Ka mahi ngā kaihanga hāora PSA hauora i te pāmahana noa me te pēhanga iti (20°C-40°C, 6-8 hauhautanga). Kāore he āhuatanga mōrearea i te kaupapa matua, ā, koinei te tikanga haumaru o ngā tikanga tuku hāora e toru. Ko ngā pūwhakakotahi hāora he pūtake hāora pūrua hei whakarite i te tuku hāora mēnā ka motu te hiko, ka mutu rānei, ka piki ohorere rānei te kai hāora mō tētahi wā, ā, ka nui ake i te whakaputanga hāora kua whakatauria o te pūwhakakotahi hāora.
Whakataurite ōhanga
Ka whakamahia e te pūnaha pae pahi ngā rango hāora, e wātea ana i ngā hōhipera. Ko te mea anake e tika ana kia mahia ko te tukatuka i ngā rango, kātahi ka huihui, kia penapenahia ai ngā utu haumitanga tuatahi.
Te whiriwhiri i te tikanga tuku hāora
I te mea ko te tuku hāora pahi te mea iti rawa te haumitanga tuatahi, mō ētahi hōhipera iti me te rahi-waenga, he iti nei te kaha ki te manaaki tūroro, ā, he iti hoki te pūtea, ko te whakamahi i te tuku hāora pahi te tikanga tino whaihua me te tino ōhanga. Mai i te tirohanga o te mahi ōhanga mō te wā roa, ko te kaihanga hāora PSA hōhipera te huarahi tino ōhanga mō te tuku hāora. He teitei te tauwehenga haumaru o te pūnaha, ā, ka taea te whakahaere me te kore tangata me te whakahaere i roto i te huarahi hou. Koinei te whiringa pai rawa atu mō ngā hōhipera hou.
Nō reira, i tēnei wā, me whakamahi ngā hōhipera nui i ngā pūwero hāora PSA hōhipera hei tuku hāora. I taua wā anō, nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia he puna hāora tuarua e ngā pūwero hāora PSA, ā, ka taea te tuku hāora mā te hiko anake, he pai hoki mō ētahi wāhi tūmatanui me ngā wāhi kāore e pai te kawe waka.
Ngā paipa me ngā pūrua pūnaha
Ka haria te hāora mai i te teihana hāora ki ia papa (wāhanga, rūma pokanga, pokapū whakaora, whare hauora o waho, me ētahi atu). I muri i te whakaūnga o te pēhanga tuarua, ko te pēhanga whakaputa hāora he 0.1-0.4MP (ka taea te whakarerekē). Kaua te pāmahana taiao huri noa i te paipa hāora e neke ake i te 70°C.
Kāore e whakaaetia kia whakamahia ngā mura ahi me ngā paru hinu ki te taha o ngā paipa, ngā takirere rānei. Ka taea te hanga i ngā paipa tuku hāora ki ngā paipa parahi, ki ngā paipa kowiri tira rānei. He iti ake te utu o te mea tuatahi, ā, koinei te rauemi e pai ana kia whakamahia e ngā paerewa ā-motu.
I muri i te urunga o te ngongo hāora ki te wāhanga, ka honoa ki te pereti pito (e kiia ana hoki he whitiki maimoatanga). He awaawa ārahi te pereti pito mō ngā waea me te huihuinga o ngā wāhanga pito paipa rerekē.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-09-2025